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Any substantial disturbance conducted illegally by a large group of civilians. South Africa is no stranger to civil unrest. In fact it is estimated that there is at least one protest action in South Africa somewhere every day on average. Most of these protests are concerned with unhappiness about service delivery, especially in the informal settlements. Most of them are relatively benign, involving a march, the barricading of highways and overturning of rubbish bins. In July 2021, following the arrest of Jacob Zuma, civil unrest reached unprecedented levels with at least R25bn worth of damage and theft mainly from shopping centers in Natal and Gauteng. Insurance for civil unrest is offered by the South African Special Risks Association (SASRIA) which received claims of at least R22bn in respect of the July 2021 civil unrest. Clearly civil unrest is a major potential threat to the South African economy and particularly to retailers.

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